This third edition of the book provides the latest research evidence supporting the basics of the cultural-historical approach alongside Vygotskian-based practical implications. It is an essential reading for students of early childhood theory and development.

Elena Bodrova is Co-Founder and Knowledge Advisor at Tools of the Mind, Inc. Prior to her coming to the US, she studied and later worked in Russia with second- and third-generation Vygotskian scholars.

Deborah Leong is Co-Founder and President of Tools of the Mind, Inc. and Professor Emerita of Cognitive and Developmental Psychology at Metropolitan State University of Denver, USA.